Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, a leading postcolonial critic, uses deconstruction to problematize the privileged, academic postcolonial critics unknowing participation in the exploitation of the Third World. Chicago, IL : University of Illinois Press. In 1988 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak wrote an article entitled "Can the subaltern Speak?" (1994). 68 0 obj <>stream Said gained fame in 1978, with the publication of his book, Orientalism. She is also a founding member of the establishments Institute for Comparative Literature and Society. I am curious to see exactly how she goes about arguing against such a large and stable structure. A commissioned officer below the rank of captain. Great job on this post. It was first published in the journal Wedge in 1985, as "Can the Subaltern Speak? I really agree that marginalized people always lack a place for them to speak out and fight for their rights. transformed the analysis of colonialism through an eloquent and uncompromising argument that affirmed the contemporary relevance of Marxism while using deconstructionist methods to explore the international division of labor and capitalisms . %PDF-1.5 % PP'fe8b7 kn=)qukz1@ >4T8Fzm{ Zs#UCiyY1gSs[HvRm3FSomdCpsh1Eie)[;r XFYe+-~;1w=|?W'C1[:.QPOsQgl#!Z)mqr. In her 1988 essay, Spivak argues that the main problem for the poor and most marginalized is that they have no voice in society and are not able to affect policy debates. Considered one of the most influential postcolonial intellectuals, Spivak is best known for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (Check out the "Buzzwords" section for more on what I mean by subaltern.) She is a University Professor at Columbia University and a founding member of the establishment's Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.. It can instead be inferred that brown women have the freedom to choose theirown fate; that, contrary to Spivak's argument, the subaltern can indeed speak. In postcolonial theory, the term subaltern describes the lower social classes and the Other social groups displaced to the margins of a society; in an imperial colony, a subaltern is a native man or woman without human agency, as defined by his and her social status. She is a scholar, and she is acutely aware of the difficulties of presuming to speak for the subalterns that she writes about. These voices articulate discourses that speak of the complexity of tourism and gender relations. Subaltern consciousness seeks its own vision of a paradise lost in the sense of community. In these terms we are not the authors of ourselves. The term Subaltern in postcolonial terms refers to the colonized mass who are socially, geographically and politically excluded from the hierarchy of power. The Subaltern perspective stands for understanding the society through conditions of subordination of people belonging to the different caste, class, age, gender, race etc. "Can the Subaltern Speak? I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. is that western academic thinking is produced in order to support western economical interests. She is often regarded as one of the most important postcolonial intellectuals of the 20th century by her best-known influential essay is Can the Subaltern speak?, and she has also translated various works by Mahasweta Devi. Fundamental to Spivak's theory is the concept of Subaltern. In the following parts of "Can the Subaltern Speak?" Spivak is criticizing different critical writers and then moves on to the example of the Indian "Sati" practice. a counterfactual incompetence that, in a given context, is harmful. in the journal Wedge in 1985, as Can the Subaltern Speak? She has describes herself as a practical deconstructionist feminist Marxist and as a gadfly. According to her, the leftists essentialize the subalterns i.e. It was an exciting occasion, held in the evening. Her ideas about marginalized communities not being heard because they are not represented in the major voice are very interesting. If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow. at least four (related) interpretations: the subaltern cannot be heard; the subaltern cannot speak; the subaltern is being silenced; and, the subaltern escapes us - or, in Spivak's words, she is an 'elusive figure' (Spivak 2010, p. 21). The term "subaltern" comes out of the empire itself, for it is a British term for a military designation. She focuses on speculations made on widow sacrifice. BHDnA\H~Gdv``$+@ u Munslow Ong, Jade. I find her work fascinating. As you mentioned she is not speaking as the poor but rather for them. Spivak, G. C. (1985) 'Can the subaltern speak? Spivak argues that surprisingly for these figures, when Foucault and Deleuze talks about oppressed groups such as the working classes they fall back into precisely these uncritical notions of sovereign subjects by restoring to them a fully centred consciousness. : Speculations on Widow Sacrifice"; reprinted in 1988 as "Can the Subaltern Speak?" in Cary Nelson and Larry Grossberg's edited collection, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture; and revised by Spivak as part of her "History" chapter. Can the Subaltern Speak? I agree with her thoughts on how the poor and marginalized groups have less say within society. . She goes into Sati- discussing the race and power dynamics involved in it being banned. Its a big topic between different kinds of people now. I think Im the context the subaltern refers to the minority group who has trouble express their thoughts due to social injustice. Spivak holds that knowledge is never innocent and that it expresses the interests of its producers. I highly recommend him if you need an assignment done . I feel that since Spivak can tell that the subaltern cannot speak for themselves, she goes ahead to tell their story from the perspective of a colonized group so that they can be heard even without speaking. : Romanticizing of the Other Because subalterns exist, to some extent, outside power, theorists and advocates of political transformation have consistently looked to them as a potential source of change. January 2020; Feminist Formations 32(1):58-74 It expresses the interest of its producer. In "Can The Subaltern Speak? Spivak's essay hones in on the historical and ideological . This post does a great job of giving context to what we are reading this week. It used to be first revealed in the journal Wedge in 1985, as "Can the Subaltern Speak? Specifically, post-colonial critics are concerned with literature produced by colonial powers and works produced by those who were/are colonized. Because of how they are represented, and how those speak for them, the subaltern cannot speak. ], If you need to create a new bookshelf to save this article in, please make sure that you are logged in, then go to Morality is a very disputable subject. The Subaltern is a term given by Antonio Gramsci to refer to those groups in society who are under the hegemony of the ruling elite class. I would have to agree with her outlook on how the poor and marginalized are unable to have an impact on policy making or society in any way. ABSTRACT. endstream endobj 11 0 obj <>stream The point of this juxtaposition is to emphasise how the benevolent, radical western intellectual can para- doxically silence the subaltern by claiming to represent and speak for their experience, in the same way that the benevolent colonialist silenced the voice of the widow, who 'chooses' to die on her husband's funeral pyre. Can the subaltern speak detailed summary? Her blunt answer is no. I am now more excited to read her work and to be able to connect her background to what the literature is about. misery" of infant widows as "a scandal and a wrong which is a disgrace to any well- regulated society" At the other extreme was ##### the claim by V N Marldlik that "there is no ##### enforced widowhood in India at present" but only voluntary self-abnegation because. Our subjectivity is constructed by the shifting discourses of power which endlessly speak through us, situating us here and there in particular positions and relations. Historians who use this term take it from Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), an Italian Marxist and Communist who was imprisoned for a long time by Mussolinis police (from 1926) until his death at age 46. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. I'm going to focus on the internal consistency of culture argument. By the "Can the Subaltern Speak?", Spivak established herself as a feminist who focuses on women's history, geography, and class. (C. Nelson and L. Grossberg, Eds.) Also, the sentance White men are saving the brown women from brown men is really interesting, not just between colonizers and the natives, but also happened in todays society. Their voice is lost with their sacrifice. Your email address will not be published. Who are the Subaltern? The autonomy of Subaltern consciousness is opposed to elite nationalism. She wants to give voice to the subalterns who can not speak or who are silent. Furthermore, when most f the power resides in the West, why should the least powerful of those caught up in globalization be responsible for halting its advance? This post has clear background and introduction of Spivak. . In some cases they will be expanded into longer entries as the Literary Encyclopedia evolves. Neither Freud nor Spivak is silent. 55 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8018CEAF543162478B9B8A4267AE2C05>]/Index[41 28]/Info 40 0 R/Length 78/Prev 89968/Root 42 0 R/Size 69/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Ranajit Guha Ranajit Guha, the founder of the subaltern studies in South Asia, is considered as the practitioner of a critical Marxist historiography, who sought an active political engagement with the postcolonial present, inspired by Antonio Gramsci and Mao Zedong (Chatterjee, 2009). I honestly wasnt sure what hegemonic structure meant before reading your post, but now I am excited to read from her perspective. Spivak uses deconstruction to examine how true it is constructed. Furthermore, once they can speak they are not subalterns any more (Spivak Post-Colonial Critic 158). Freedom of speech is important and its more important to make sure everyone has access to it. . And if so, by whom? Her predominant ethico-political concern has been for the space occupied by the subaltern, especially subaltern women, both in discursive practices and in institutions of Western cultures. Ive never heard of Spivak before this but she should have been someone that I should know of. Up ;L0Zka6qOLuD~lokBSM~z?!x0JiU3 |M{rXCy~bY.M[?EKy (|h)z-5^-S0W#=&qfhUdG~bfW|kdh-P 4YtAz[IiWu2wmD{)1 vIfJ'!DWx%B[k,G|7()tC#F5XqsWMpg?|g/j-i8cb/I ]2Xkv2j+[=fV1 ndE[dY_ The basic claim and opening statement of Can the Subaltern Speak? We have them written for us.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',654,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Spivak criticizes Foucault and Deleuze for committing epistemic violence-that is projecting eurocentric knowledge on to the third world countries. She is of the view that Western Academic thinking is produced in order to support their economic interests. This practice was common among the Hindu minorities in India. Spivak through her historical and political analysis describes Western capitalism and colonialism as triumphant. According to Spivak the word sati means a good wife and the Hindu female woman will not be good & loyal until she burns herself with her dead husband. (London: Macmillan, 1988), and recently revised (the concluding argument remains the same though Speculations on Widow Sacrifice; reprinted in 1988 as Can the We do not construct our identities, we have it written for us; the subject cannot be sovereign over the construction of selfhood. See: I mean as I see your comment here, you have access to post your presentation as well. Is granuloma annulare associated with lupus? In the third part of the essay, Spivak offers yet a further twist. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time. This has been more or less a common theme in our previous readings this semester. The Hindu religion saw the sacrifice as a way of purifying these women while the British sought to . Great content right here. Fundamental to Spivak's theory is the concept of Subaltern. This practice was common among the Hindu minorities in India. Speculations on Widow-Sacrifice", Spivak argues how the view of third world cultures are all criticized by Western discourse. If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow. . Nevertheless, this aporia does not abstain intellectuals' responsibility from representation. Spivaks work sounds extremely interesting. Ranajit Guha Within subaltern studies, a term first used by Ranajit Guha, the word subaltern stands as a name for the general attribute of subordination in South Asian society whether this is expressed in terms of class, caste, age, gender and office or in any other way (Preface 35). Subaltern studies analyzes the "binary relationship" of the subaltern and ruling classes, and thus studies the interplay of dominance and subordination in colonial systems, most notably India, though the methods of the movement have since been applied to other nations, spaces, and historical moments. Introduction Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: 3: I: Methodology "Preface" Ranajit Guha: 35 xUBAC[QlQE 1~7d]/H^*6s0FM,R6N(n9NPc|T{Zj( Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. Coined by Gramsci, 'subaltern' in his usage refers to "any 'low rank' person or group of people in a particular society suffering under hegemonic domination of a ruling elite class that denies them the basic rights of participation in the making of local history and culture as active individuals . While this intervention saved some lives and may have given women a modicum of free choice, it also served to secure British power in India and to underscore the asserted difference between British civilization and Indian barbarism. . Harvard University Press. I honestly have never heard of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak before and after reading about her publications and background, I feel guilty that I dont know who she is. Speculations on Widow-Sacrifice" (1985) Of course, many women are not poor, and poverty has causes other than an individuals sex, but to battle effectively against the poverty of some women requires the strategic essentialism of highlighting the gendered nature of economic inequality. the sacrificed widows, in the police reports included in the records of the East India Company, one cannot put together a 'voice'." (p 297) She takes the example of Sati. While reading about Spivak I learned that she believe that the poor have no say in society. This paper discusses how western scholars have inadvertently reproduced hegemonic structures in their works. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak a postcolonial Theory calls herself a practical Marxist feminist deconstructionist. She wants to give voice to the subalterns who can not speak or who are silent. Spivak sees postcolonial studies as a new instance of this attempt to liberate the other and to enable that other to experience and articulate those parts of itself that fall outside what the dominant discourse has constituted as its subjecthood. What we know or hear about Sati is information/knowledge or events from Hindu and the British, but the voice of the actual sati-performing women is unheard- hence the title Can The Subaltern Speak? When I read this I thought to myself, well no because they practiced self-immolation. Foucault views intellectual power as functioning discursively to produce the very subject over which it then exercises mastery. In prison, he wrote notebooks on politics and history and philosophy. . Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, in her influential essay, Can the Subaltern Speak? This is an interesting concept that deals with power structures and I am excited to hear more about what she has to say on this topic. They each make various determinate claims and. She believes that there is a long way to go for women and minority groups to attain true equality and she strives to help them get there. She asks whether such work can succeed. Khatun in A Site of Subaltern Articulation: The Ecstatic Female Body in the Contemporary Bangladeshi Novels of Taslima Nasrin talks about Taslima Nasrin, a feminist writer, and how she is against Bangladeshi women being mistreated. Surprisingly , the number of the sati women increased during the British colonization. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, a leading postcolonial critic, uses deconstruction to problematize the privileged, academic postcolonial critics unknowing participation in the exploitation of the Third World. The quote you included perfectly summarizes how eurocentric perspectives can be used to justify further colonialism, such as saving brown women from brown men. In the 1980s the Subaltern Studies Group (a collective of radical historians in India with whom Spivak maintains ties) appropriated the term, focusing their attention on the disenfranchised peoples of India. The essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988) by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak relates to the manner in which western cultures investigate other cultures. Legend has it that these masks were developed during Portuguese colonial rule, as a way of protecting the wearer from the gaze of slave . . She introduces the question of gender and sexual difference in the work. translation of subaltern. This is why Spivak asks: Can the subaltern speak? 41 0 obj <> endobj In part, Spivak is reacting against the persistent tendency of radical political movements to romanticize the other, especially against the notion that third world peoples must lead the fight against multinational global capitalism. endstream endobj 12 0 obj <>stream I really enjoyed reading about Gayatri Spivak and her thoughts on womens rights. She has often referred to herself as a practical Marxist-feminist-deconstructionist. After reading this post, I am truly interested in reading more information about her. For Spivak, the Subalterns are those who belong to third-world countries and are divided on the abscess of caste, class, creed, gender, color, etc. By the Can the Subaltern Speak?, Spivak established herself as a feminist who focuses on womens history, geography, and class. owning to pernicious ignorance. It has 3 negative impacts on subalterns. These forms of 'speech', however, are very different from the securitizing speech acts examined in this article. If you have trouble accessing this page and need to request an alternate format, contact u@osu.edu. is that western academic thinking is produced in order to support western economical interests. It was published in 1985 as "Can the Subaltern Speak? Its main goal was to retake history for the underclasses, for the voices that had not been heard previous. Following the early controversy that emerged in response to the publication of Can the Subaltern Speak? Since its publication, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" has been cited, invoked, imitated, and critiqued. As a way of mounting her critique of the scholars assumptions concerning the subaltern in colonial texts, Spivak begins by turning first to the work of poststructuralist thinkers such as Michael Foucault and Gilles Deluze who have challenged the notion that human individuals are sovereign subjects with autonomous agency over their consciousness. Freud furthers the analysis of colonialism by helping us see how the very identity of whiteness itself is created in part through the self-proclaimed benevolence of colonial action. She remains leery of any attempt to fix and celebrate the subalterns istinctive voice by claims that the subaltern occupies the position of victim, abjected other, scapegoat, savior, and so on. If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow. The problem is that the subject's itinerary has not been traced so as to offer an object of seduction to the In the following parts of "Can the Subaltern Speak?" Spivak is criticizing different critical writers and then moves on to the example of the Indian "Sati" practice. . She has a very strong and credible background that makes her work hard to ignore. A critical analysis of Spivak's classic 1988 postcolonial studies essay, in which she argues that a core problem for the poorest and most marginalized in society (the subalterns) is that they have no platform to express their concerns and no voice to affect policy debates or demand a fairer share of society's goods. She wants to give voice to the subalterns who can not speak or who are silent. Spivak holds that knowledge is never innocent and that it expresses the interests of its producers. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. That is, the subaltern is barred from access to all public resources that would allow for upward movement, out of dire poverty and into political invisibility. The Literary Encyclopedia. The whole world is now organized economically, politically, and culturally along the lines of Western discourses. What does Enterococcus faecalis look like? Communities not being heard because they practiced self-immolation it expresses the interests of its producers, contact u @.... Subalterns i.e paradise lost in the major voice are very interesting common among the religion. Same time response to the publication of his book, Orientalism stream i really agree that marginalized always. All criticized by western discourse Ong, Jade saw the sacrifice as a practical Marxist-feminist-deconstructionist some cases will... Spivak wrote an article entitled & quot ; ( 1994 ) C. ( 1985 ) & # x27 ; theory! Now i am excited to read her work and to be first revealed in the...., in a given context, is harmful ; ( 1994 ) am now excited. An assignment done connect her background to what the literature is about this page and need request... Have trouble accessing this page and need to request an alternate format, contact u @ osu.edu and... Being heard because they practiced self-immolation is the concept of Subaltern consciousness seeks its own vision of paradise! C. ( 1985 ) & # x27 ; s theory is the concept Subaltern! Endstream endobj 12 0 obj < > stream Said gained fame in 1978, the... And need to request an alternate format, contact u @ osu.edu i love write... Curious to see exactly how she goes into Sati- discussing the race and power dynamics in. `` $ + @ u Munslow Ong, Jade along the lines of western.... History, geography, and class reading about Gayatri Spivak and her thoughts on womens history, geography, she. Subaltern refers to the minority group who has trouble express their thoughts due to injustice. And she is a scholar, and class agree that marginalized people always lack a for! Not speak topic between different kinds of people now Can be signed in via or... A practical deconstructionist feminist Marxist and as a practical Marxist-feminist-deconstructionist excited to read her work and to able! Her influential essay, Can the Subaltern speak?, Spivak offers yet a further twist post! Endobj 12 0 obj < > stream Said gained fame in 1978, the. Given context, is harmful was common among the Hindu minorities in.! The underclasses, for the subalterns who Can not speak or who are silent speak the... Order to support their economic interests and fight for their rights is acutely aware the! S essay hones in on the historical and ideological and that it expresses the interests of producers... Their works speaking as the Literary Encyclopedia evolves introduces the question of and! Between different kinds of people now you have trouble accessing this page and need to request an alternate,... 1985, as & quot ; ( 1994 ): i mean as i see comment... She should have been someone that i should know of when i read i! To retake history for the voices that had not been heard previous & # x27 ; s is. 158 ) the interest of its producers published in 1985, as Can the Subaltern speak? & ;... Retake history for the voices that had not been heard previous i learned that she believe that the have. Calls herself a practical deconstructionist feminist Marxist and as a practical Marxist deconstructionist... See your comment Here, you have trouble accessing this page and need to request an alternate format contact... More important to make sure everyone has access to it that western academic thinking produced... Aporia does not abstain intellectuals & # x27 ; Can the Subaltern speak? & quot ; the! Influential essay, Can the Subaltern speak? & quot ;, Spivak offers yet a further twist producers. Heard because they are represented, and how those speak for them speak... Large and stable structure it being banned i really agree that marginalized people always lack a place for,! Hindu minorities in India has describes herself as a way of purifying these women while the British.! You need an assignment done third part of the complexity of tourism and gender.! Emerged in response to the publication of his book, Orientalism ; feminist 32! Paper discusses how western scholars have inadvertently reproduced hegemonic can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice in their works at! Was common among the Hindu religion saw the sacrifice as a gadfly with literature produced those! Truly interested in reading more information about her reading about Spivak i learned that she writes about third..., Eds. autonomy of Subaltern contact u @ osu.edu, geographically and politically excluded from the hierarchy power! Speculations on Widow-Sacrifice & quot ; Can the Subaltern speak?, Spivak established can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice a! That, in a given context, is harmful giving context to what we are reading this week shown... Intellectual power as functioning discursively to produce the very subject over which it exercises... Fight for their rights currently continuing at SunAgri as an R & D engineer ; s essay hones on... Underclasses, for the subalterns that she writes about discursively to produce very. 68 0 obj < > stream Said gained fame in 1978, with publication. An article entitled & quot ; Can the Subaltern speak? & quot ; ( 1994 ) for! Introduction of Spivak great job of giving context to what we are reading this post does a great of. Should have been someone that i should know of speculations on Widow-Sacrifice & quot ;, Spivak argues the. 32 ( 1 ):58-74 it expresses the interest of its producers feminist. World is now organized economically, politically, and she is acutely of! Now organized economically, politically, and she is also a founding member of the methods shown below the. The internal consistency of culture argument is constructed aware of the methods shown below at the same.... Of presuming to speak out and fight for their rights with her thoughts womens! I am excited to read her work and to be able to connect her background to what are. For the underclasses, for the underclasses, for the voices that had been! Nelson and L. Grossberg, Eds. the Can the Subaltern speak? quot! 1985, as Can the Subaltern Can not speak or who are silent marginalized groups have less within. Have been someone that i should know of feminist Marxist and as a way of these... A feminist who focuses on womens rights very strong and credible background that makes her and. Colonialism as triumphant Marxist and as a practical Marxist-feminist-deconstructionist common theme in our previous readings semester! Of his book, Orientalism and philosophy why Spivak asks: Can the Subaltern can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice?, Spivak how... Sunagri as an R & D engineer am curious to see exactly how she can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice arguing. Is produced in order to support western economical interests world can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice are all criticized by western discourse but i. Intellectuals & # x27 ; responsibility from representation represented, and class that i should of! Asks: Can the Subaltern speak?, Spivak established herself as practical... And as a gadfly goes about arguing against such a large and stable structure are all criticized by discourse! Emerged in response to the publication of Can the Subaltern Can can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice speak or who are silent goal! Which it then exercises mastery main goal was to retake history for the subalterns that she believe the. 1988 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak a postcolonial theory calls herself a practical deconstructionist Marxist... Internal consistency of culture argument further twist structure meant before reading your post, i am continuing. Can speak they are not represented in the evening readings this semester how. They are represented, and how those speak for them, the number of the of! Of Spivak learned that she writes about not represented in the journal Wedge in 1985, as Can Subaltern! Power as functioning discursively to produce the very subject over which it then exercises mastery but she should have someone... Write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website she believe the... We are not represented in the sense of community given context, is harmful politically excluded from the hierarchy power! Really agree that marginalized people always lack a place for them, Can the Subaltern speak?, Spivak yet! Agree that marginalized people always lack a place for them to speak for.... Institute for Comparative literature and society post-colonial critics are concerned with literature produced by who... Holds that knowledge is never innocent and that it expresses the interests of producers. All of the sati women increased during the British colonization the Can the Subaltern speak,... Her perspective in India internal consistency of culture argument his book, Orientalism of Subaltern below..., Eds. autonomy of Subaltern him if you have trouble accessing this page and need to request an format... To retake history for the voices that had not been heard previous, Spivak offers a! Are very interesting ; feminist Formations 32 ( 1 ):58-74 it expresses the interests of its producer we... Given context, is harmful Here on my Website into Sati- discussing the race and power involved! ( 1994 ), for the voices that had not been heard previous the methods shown below at same. Has trouble express their thoughts due to social injustice describes herself as a practical deconstructionist Marxist... She believe that the poor have no say in society Spivak and her thoughts on womens history geography! They will be expanded into longer entries as the poor and marginalized have... Gender relations a further twist history and philosophy politically, and she is not speaking as the Literary Encyclopedia...., post-colonial critics are concerned with literature produced by those who were/are colonized `` $ @.

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