Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). Want 100 or more? [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. Theylive above the Breedlove apartment and befriendPecola. This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. Rosemary Villanucci Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Struggling with distance learning? The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). And like any trench, it belonged to the . After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Purchasing He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. A white, comparatively wealthy girl who lives next door to the MacTeers. 6. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. Rgiments d'artillerie mobile de forteresse (RAMF) consisted of mobile artillery.[11]. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. They had found that the question of the cou- He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. (including. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. This points toward a source of Pecola's suffering: she cannot see herself, because she is invisible to so many. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. Breedlove. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. Her experience of unwanted sexual attention contrasts sharply with Pecolas rape experience, in which Pecolas father not only fails to protect her, but is the perpetrator himself. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. . They would be supplemented by reservists who lived in the local area and who could be quickly mobilised in an emergency. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal More books than SparkNotes. Continue to start your free trial. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Petrol-engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow-gauge lines. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. The section closes with Pauline talking about her failed marriage, and how once he was capable of making her happy, in life and in bed. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Patreon: https://www.patr. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." LitCharts Teacher Editions. The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. Frieda is uncertain how to describe what has happened to her. But modern historians are increasingly making a bold claim: It wasn't the Maginot Line that failed, it was diplomacy and French armored tactics. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. The narrator of parts of the novel. They say they aren't allowed to be around her. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. creating and saving your own notes as you read. World War I absolutely devastated France. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Purchasing Dont have an account? By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. for a group? for a customized plan. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. She learns that Mr. MacTeer has beaten up Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. You'll also receive an email with the link. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. The white neighborhood in which Mrs. Breedlove works is beautiful and well kept, demonstrating the connection between race and class. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is taciturn. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Struggling with distance learning? [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. [26] The French imported a third of their coal from Britain, and 32 percent of all imports through French ports were carried by British ships. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war. These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers, equipped with armoured turrets containing high-precision optics, connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters (known in French by the acronym T.S.F., Tlgraphie Sans Fil). The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. However, when the Germans attacked . A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? The elderly woman who raises Cholly. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. Look up his videos for some good strategy. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets.

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